82 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE II 



supported by endowment, averaging 700 or '800 a 

 year ; but they are inadequately provided with assist- 

 ance as compared with corresponding German posi- 

 tions. Whilst Oxford has thus five posts, Cambridge 

 has at present the same number, though the stipends 

 are of less average value. In regard to Durham, it 

 does not appear that the biological professorships 

 (which have their seat in the Newcastle College of 

 Science) are supported by stipends derived from 

 endowment ; they fall under another category, to 

 which allusion will be made below, of purely teaching 

 positions, supported by the fees paid for such teaching 

 by pupils. The Victoria University (Owens College, 

 Manchester), supports its professors of physiology, 

 anatomy, zoology, botany, and pathology, by means 

 partly of endowment, partly of pupils' fees. By the 

 provision of adequate laboratories and of salaries for 

 assistants to each professor, and of student -fellow- 

 ships, Owens College gives direct support to original 

 investigation. We may reckon five major and eight 

 minor posts as dedicated to biological research in this 

 college. Altogether, then, we have 15 positions in 

 London and 23 in the provinces (taking assistantships, 

 and professorships, and curatorships together) a total 

 of 38 in all England with its 25,000,000 inhabitants, 

 as against the 300 in Germany with its 45,000,000 

 inhabitants. In proportion to its population (leaving 

 aside the consideration of its greater wealth), England 

 has only about one-fourth of the provision for the 

 advancement of biological research which exists in 

 Germany. 



