86 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE II 



statement, because it is the fact that some investigators 

 have also been excellent lecturers, and have been able 

 to make an income by teaching whilst carrying on a 

 limited amount of scientific investigation. But neither 

 by teaching in the form of popular lectures, nor by 

 teaching university or professional students who desire 

 as a result to pass some examination test, is it possible, 

 where there is a fair field and no favour, for a man to 

 gain a reasonable income and at the same time to 

 leave himself time and energy to carry on original in- 

 vestigations in science. 



In some universities, such as those of Scotland, the 

 privilege of conferring degrees of pecuniary value to 

 their possessors becomes a source of income to the 

 professors of the university ; they are, in fact, able to 

 make considerable incomes, independently of endow- 

 ment, by compelling the candidates for degrees to pay 

 a fee to each professor in the faculty for the right of 

 attending his lectures and of presentation to the degree. 

 Consequently, teaching here appears to be producing 

 an income which may support a researcher ; in reality, 

 it is the acquisition of the university degree, and not 

 necessarily the teaching, for which the pupil pays his 

 fee. Where the teacher is unprotected by any com- 

 pulsory regulations (such as that which requires attend- 

 ance on his lectures and fee-payment on the part of 

 the pupils) it is impossible for him to obtain such an 

 income by teaching for one hour a day as will enable 

 him to devote the rest of the day to unremunerative 

 study and investigation, for the following reason. 

 Other teachers, equally satisfactory as teachers, will 



