90 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE II 



to live by teaching, yet it is a good thing to make 

 teaching an additional and subsidiary part of his life's 

 work. This end is effected in Germany by making it 

 a duty of the professor, already supported by a stipend, 

 to give some five or six lectures a week during the 

 academical session, for which he is paid by the fees of 

 his hearers. . The fees are low, but are sufficient to be 

 an inducement ; and, inasmuch as the attendance of 

 the students is not compulsory, the professor is 

 stimulated to produce good and effective lectures at a 

 reasonable charge, so as to attract pupils who would 

 seek instruction from some one else if the lectures 

 were not good or the fees too high. Indeed, in 

 Germany this system works so much to the advantage 

 of the students, that the private teachers of the 

 universities at one time obtained the creation of a 

 regulation forbidding the professors to reduce their 

 fees below a certain minimum, since, with so low a fee 

 as some professors were charging, it was impossible 

 for a private teacher to compete ! This state of things 

 may be compared, with much advantage, with the 

 condition of British universities. In these we hear, 

 from one direction, complaints of the high fees charged 

 and of the ineffective teaching given by the pro- 

 fessoriate ; and in other universities, where no 

 adequate fees are allowed to the professors as a 

 stimulus to them to offer useful and efficient teaching, 

 we find that the teaching has passed entirely out 

 of their hands into those of college tutors and 

 lecturers. The fact is that a satisfactory relation 

 between teaching and research is one which will not 



