II BIOLOGY AND THE STATE 91 



naturally and spontaneously arrange itself. It can 

 hardly be said to exist in any British university or 

 college, but the method has been thought out and 

 carried into practice in Germany. It consists in giving 

 a competent researcher a stipend and a laboratory for 

 his research work, and then requiring him to do a 

 small amount of teaching, remunerated by fees pro- 

 portionate to his ability and the pains which he may 

 take in his teaching. If you pay him a fixed sum as 

 a teacher, or artificially insure the attendance of his 

 class, instead of letting this part of his income vary 

 simply and directly with the attractiveness of his 

 teaching, you will find as the result that (with rare 

 exceptions) he will not give effective and useful 

 teaching. He will naturally tend to do the minimum 

 required of him, in a perfunctory way. On the other 

 hand, if you leave him without stipend as a researcher, 

 dependent on the fees of pupils for an income, he will 

 give all his time and energies to teaching, he will 

 cease to do any research, and become, pro tanto, an 

 inferior teacher. 



A third objection which is sometimes made to the 

 proposition that scientific research must be supported 

 and paid for as such, is the following : It is believed 

 by many persons that a man who occupies his best 

 energies in scientific research can always, if he choose, 

 make an income by writing popular books or news- 

 paper articles in his spare hours ; and, accordingly, 

 it is gravely maintained that there is no need to 

 provide stipends and the means of carrying on their 

 work for researchers. To do so, according to this 



