II BIOLOGY AND THE STATE 105 



Such are the charges from time to time made by 

 those who dislike science, and for such reasons they 

 would withhold, and persuade others to withhold, the 

 fair measure of support for scientific research which 

 this country owes to the community of civilised 

 States. Not in reply to these misrepresentations, 

 but by way of contrast, I would here state what 

 science seems to be to those who are on the other 

 side, and how, therefore, it seems to them wrong to 

 delay in doing all that the wealth and power of the 

 State can. do to promote its progress. 



Science is not a name applicable to any one branch 

 of knowledge, but includes all knowledge which is of 

 a certain order or scale of completeness. All know- 

 ledge which is deep enough to touch the causes of 

 things, is Science ; all inquiry into the causes of things 

 is scientific inquiry. It is not only coextensive with 

 the area of human knowledge, but no branch of it can 

 advance far without reacting upon other branches ; 

 no department of Science can be neglected without 

 sooner or later causing a check to other departments. 

 No man can truly say this branch of Science is useful 

 and shall be cultivated, whilst this is worthless and 

 shall be let alone ; for all are necessary, and one grows 

 by the aid of another, and in turn furnishes methods 

 and results assisting in the progress of that from 

 which it lately borrowed. 



We desire the increase and the support and the 

 acceptance of Science, not only because it has a certain 

 material value and enables men to battle with the 

 forces of nature and to turn them to account, so as to 



