294 THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



zoologist has thus for a long time been deprived of 

 the means of anatomical and physiological study-- 

 only supplied within the past century by the method 

 of preserving animal bodies in alcohol the demands 

 of medicine for a knowledge of the structure of the 

 human animal have in the meantime brought into 

 existence a separate and special study of human 

 Anatomy and Physiology. 



From these special studies of human structure the 

 knowledge of the anatomy of animals has proceeded, 

 the same investigator who had made himself acquainted 

 with the structure of the human body desiring to 

 compare with the standard given by human anatomy 

 the structures of other animals. Thus Comparative 

 Anatomy came into existence as a branch of inquiry 

 apart from Zoology, and it is only now, in the latter 

 part of the nineteenth century, that the limitation of 

 the word " Zoology " to a knowledge of animals which 

 expressly excludes the consideration of their internal 

 structure has been rejected by the general consent of 

 those concerned in the progress of science ; it is now 

 generally recognised that it is mere tautology to speak 

 of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and that our 

 museum naturalists must give attention as well to the 

 inside as to the outside of animals. 



The Anatomy and Physiology of plants have never 

 been excluded from the attention of botanists, because 



were regarded as " simples " and used in medicine, and a knowledge 

 of them was valued from this point of view. Plants were collected 

 and cultivated for medicinal use ; hence the physic gardens and the 

 botanist's advantage. 



