IX THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY 313 



of another, and that sooner or later the influence of 

 the progress of one branch makes itself felt in the 

 progress of another. 



MORPHOGRAPHY 



Under this head we include the systematic ex- 

 ploration and tabulation of the facts, involved in the 

 recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of 

 animals and their distribution in space and time. 

 The chief varieties of zoological workers coming under 

 this head are (l) the museum-makers of old days and 

 their modern representatives the curators and de- 

 scribers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers 

 and modern naturalist-travellers and writers on zoo- 

 geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeonto- 

 logists. Gradually since the 'time of Hunter and 

 Cuvier anatomical study has associated itself with the 

 more superficial morphography until to-day no one 

 considers a study of animal form of any value which 

 does not include internal structure, Histology, and 

 Embryology in its scope. 



The real dawn of Zoology after the legendary 

 period of the Middle Ages is connected with the name 

 of an Englishman, Wotton, born at Oxford in 1492, 

 who practised as a physician in London and died in 

 1555. He published a treatise De Differentiis Ani- 

 malium at Paris in 1552. In many respects Wotton 

 was simply an exponent of Aristotle, whose teaching, 

 with various fanciful additions, constituted the real 

 basis of zoological knowledge throughout the Middle 

 Ages. It was Wotton's merit that he rejected the 



