314 THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



legendary and fantastic accretions, and returned to 

 Aristotle and the observation of nature. The most 

 ready means of noting the progress of Zoology during 

 the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries is 

 to compare the classificatory conceptions of successive 

 naturalists with those which are to be found in the works 

 of Aristotle himself. Aristotle did not definitely and 

 in tabular form propound a classification of animals, 

 but from a study of his treatises Historia Animalium, 

 De Generatione Animalium, and De Partibus Anima- 

 lium the following classification can be arrived at : 



A. "Evaiji-a, blood-holding animals ( = Vertebrata). 



1. ZWOTOKOWTO, ev airrots, viviparous Encema ( = Mammals, in- 

 cluding the Whale). 



2. *0pvi0es( = Birds). 



3. TeT/>a7roSa rj atrooa cooro/coiWa, four-footed or legless JZncema 

 which lay eggs ( = Keptiles and Amphibia). 



4. 'IxOves ( = Fishes). 



B. "Avcujxa, bloodless animals ( = Invertebrata). 



1. MaAa/aa, soft-bodied Ancema ( = Cephalopoda). 



2. MaAaKoo-T/xxKa, soft-shelled Ancema ( = Crustacea). 



3. "EvTojw.a, insected Ancema or Insects ( = Arthropoda, ex- 

 clusive of Crustacea). 



4. 'Oo-iyxxKoSe/o/mTa, shell-bearing Ancema ( = Uchini, Gastro- 

 poda, and Lamellibranchia). 



Wotton follows Aristotle in the division of animals 

 into the Encema and the Ancema, and in fact in the 

 recognition of all the groups above given, adding only 

 one large group to those recognised by Aristotle under 

 the Ancema, namely, the group of Zoophyta, in which 

 Wotton includes the Holothuriae, Star-Fishes, Medusae, 

 Sea-Anemones, and Sponges. Wotton divides the 

 viviparous quadrupeds into the many-toed, double- 

 hoofed, and single-hoofed. By the introduction of a 



