356 THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



one with the inquiry into the activities of those parts, 

 and indeed the separation of Anatomy and Physiology 

 has never been really carried out. For convenience 

 of teaching, the description of the coarser anatomy of 

 the human body has been in modern universities 

 placed in the hands of a special professor, theoretically 

 condemned to occupy himself with the mere formal 

 details of structure, whilst the professor of Physiology 

 has usually retained what is called " microscopic ana- 

 tomy," and necessarily occupies himself with as much 

 structural Anatomy as is required for a due description 

 of the functions of organs and the properties of tissues. 

 It would seem that in our medical schools and uni- 

 versities these arrangements should be reconsidered. 

 Anatomy and Physiology should be re-united and 

 subdivided as follows, (1) Physiology with Anatomy 

 in relation to Physiology, (2) Anatomy in relation to 

 surgery and medical diagnosis, the former being a 

 science, the latter a piece of technical training in rule 

 of thumb. 



Physiological Anatomy or anatomical Physiology 

 has its beginnings in Aristotle and other observers of 

 antiquity. The later Grseco-Koman and the Arabian 

 physicians carried on the traditional knowledge and 

 added to it. Galen dominated the Middle Ages. 

 The modern development begins with Harvey and 

 with the Italian school in which he studied. Its great 

 names are Fabricius of Acquapendente (1537-1619), 

 Vesalius (1514-1564), Eustachius (c. 1500-1574), 

 Kiolan (1577-1657), Severino (1580-1656). The 

 history of the discovery of the circulation of the blood 



