to i mile), occasionally i to 2,640. The map shows 

 the boundaries of lots, sections, topography, streams, 

 roads, buildings, clearings, denuded lands, wooded 

 lands, bare swamp, wooded swamp, burns; and by 

 special characters the kind of timber, conifer or hard- 

 woods, and by figures and letters the quality of the 

 land, the density of the woods and the proportion of 

 different kinds, such as pine, oak, poplar, etc. 



The description and maps were made in note books 

 the first two seasons, but special sheets for maps and 

 descriptions were used this season (1905). The fol- 

 lowing is a sample and indicates the information col- 

 lected. The timber is estimated, occasionally meas- 

 ured. 



The final maps are made on a scale of i foot to the 

 mile (i 5280) so that the ordinary section appears 

 as a map of i square foot. The descriptions are copied 

 and tabulated so that each lot receives its own de- 

 scription. For convenience, a summary is made for 

 each section. 



Grazing, Grass and Sale of Timber 



In view of the fact that a large portion of the Re- 

 serve lands is still in a truly denuded, non- wooded 

 condition, covered with a growth of small shrubbery, 

 notably sw r eetfern, honeysuckle, huckleberry, etc., to- 

 gether with bracken, sedges and some weeds and grass, 

 it was decided that a limited amount of grazing might 

 be very properly permitted. This seemed all the 

 more feasible since but a small number of live stock is 

 kept by the scattering settlers in and about the Re- 

 serves. Accordingly the rule was established to allow 

 any settler to graze his stock free of charge, as long 

 .as the number of animals was twenty or less, and to 

 charge a moderate fee per head if the number was 

 greater. The understanding is that the ranger shall 

 :see to it that a proper distribution of the animals be 

 made, that they are not "bunched" and thereby 

 cause damage; and also that the ranger shall inci- 

 dentally assist the settlers by keeping an eye on the 

 .stock and prevent their injury or loss. Only one 

 large herd of cattle has thus far been allowed on the 

 Reserves and this largely for the reason that these 

 animals graze a large part of the time off the Reserves. 



So far no evil effects have been noticed from grazing 

 except in parts of District No. i where the herd just 

 mentioned were "bunched" in the spring of 1904 in 

 order to feed them hay hauled in at great expense. 

 This was a case of emergency, proving a great loss to 

 the owner and may not repeat itself in many years. 

 Otherwise the few cattle scattered over the large area 

 find plenty of feed and have as yet done no serious 

 liarm. Nevertheless, it should not be inferred that 

 grazing is harmless to tree or forest growth. Every 

 cow on the Reserves injures every year hundreds of 

 little trees, especially poplar, etc., by browsing and 

 trampling, and wherever cattle begin to make a regu- 

 lar run the forest cover suffers. That this is worse on 

 plantations is self-evident and it is one of the ques- 

 tions whether any grazing should be allowed in the 

 vicinity where planting is carried on. Only six per- 

 mits were issued in 1905, five of them free of charge, 

 one for the sum of $100. The time is usually from 

 April to October and permits are good for one season 

 only. 



The grass growing on the wet, open marshes unfit 

 for tree growth is occasionally applied for by the 

 neighboring settlers. This grass is of some value as 

 feed and if not cut, merely dies down and gradually 

 develops a dangerous mass of fuel. Moreover, these 

 marshes are capable of considerable improvement and 



