nozzle. One of the best forms of nozzle is that known as 

 the Vermorel. It gives a good spray and is so constructed 

 as to be readily freed when it happens to become clogged, 

 as it may when using the Bordeaux mixture. This form of 

 pump is usually provided with some means for keeping the 

 contents of the barrel stirred up; but if not, or if it does 

 not prove to be efticient, some other means will have to be 

 employed, as the stirring is necessary in using the Bordeaux 

 mixture or mixtures containing Paris green or London pur- 

 ple. The pump should be of brass, or lined with brass, as 

 the substances used in spraying are liable to corrode iron. 



The barrel, with pump attached, can be mounted on a 

 wheelbarrow, drag, or wagon. In spraying tall trees the 

 nozzle and hose may be attached to a light pole. Spraying 

 pumps may be obtained through hardware dealers, or directly 

 of the manufacturers, who will send price-lists on application. 

 The following firms make good pumps: W. B. Douglass, 

 Middletown, Conn.; Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, N. Y.; 

 Nixon Nozzle and Machine Co., Dayton, Ohio. A Knap- 

 sack pump will cost about ;g 14.00. A force pump and 

 barrel, as described above, will cost $10 to ^12. 



Th*^ chemicals for making the fungicides may be obtained 

 of any uruggist. 



Certain varieties of apples and pears are subject to a fun- 

 gus disease which is known as Scab. It appears in the 

 form of black or greenish black spots on the surface of the 

 fruit and leaves. The spots are round in outline, from a 

 sixteenth to half an inch in diameter, often running together, 

 forming large irregular patches, and sometimes almost en- 

 tirely covering the fruit, which is also frequently one-sided 

 and more or less cracked. When examined under the 

 microscope the spots are found to be a mass of closely 

 interwoven fungus tissue, growing on the skin of the fruit 

 and sending up a multitude of little stalks, on the tops of 

 which grow elongated oval bodies — the spores or seed of 

 the fungus plant. These, when broken off and carried to a 



