FLUSTEA CARBASEA. 125 



Northumberland, deep water, frequent (Alder) : Piley, 

 abundant (T. H.) : Bootle, rare (Tudor) : Dublin Bay, 

 rare (M'Calla) : North of Ireland (Templeton). 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Hammerfcest, 40 fa- 

 thoms, on a stony bottom ; Ramfjord, near Tromso (Sars) : 

 Bohusliin (Loven) : Spitzbergen, 40-60 fathoms (Torell) : 

 Greenland (Liitken) : Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson) . 



This species is not attached by means of radical fibres ; 

 nor does it rise from an expanded crust. The zoarium 

 narrows towards the base into a kind of stem, terminating 

 below in a small disk, by which it adheres to stone or 

 shell. The lower portion or trunk has a thickened, 

 opaque, and channelled margin. The terminal segments 

 of the frond are broad and wedge-shaped, and generally 

 more or less lobate ; and the width of the whole zoarium 

 is great as compared with its height. A variety occurs 

 in which the shoots are composed of broadly palmate 

 expansions, sometimes almost entire, sometimes with 

 numerous marginal lobes. The texture is remarkably 

 delicate (like that of lawn, according to Ellis) ; and the 



distinct. On the whole I think we are fairly entitled to say that we should 

 not be justified in setting aside the diagnosis of so careful an observer as 

 Pallas, and implying that he had failed to appreciate an important charac- 

 ter. It may be added that he gives no British locality for his Eschara 

 papyrea. 



Kirchenpauer also considers Smitt's Flustra papyrea a distinct species, 

 on the ground that this author has not stated that it has only a single 

 layer of cells, and that it must therefore be regarded as bilaminate. But 

 though be has not expressly referred to this character in the text, he has 

 figured the posterior surface of the frond, showing the back of the cells 

 (Krit. Forteckn. pt. iii. pi. n. fig. 10.), while at the same time he has placed 

 amongst his synonyms Carbasea papyrea, Busk, and other names, which he 

 must have known were appropriated to a unilnniellate form. His figure 9 

 is an accurate representation of the cells of Flustra papyrea ; and in his 

 descriptive text he baa noticed several of its distinctive peculiarities. 

 There is no ground whatever for separating his species from the present. 



