260 PROBOSCIDIA. 



The evidences of an enormous crushing and breaking 

 power are very remarkably exemplified in some of the 

 Mammalian fossils from the " till," or drift, at Walton in 

 Essex. Mr. Brown, of Stanway, possesses molars of the 

 Mammoth from this locality which have been split ver- 

 tically and lengthwise,- across all the component plates of 

 dentine and enamel; other molars have been so crushed 

 and squeezed that the enamel-plates are shivered in pieces, 

 which are driven into the conglomerate of the different 

 substances, and the fragments of enamel stick out like the 

 bits of glass from the plaster which caps a garden wall. 



The ramus of a lower jaw of a Rhinoceros from the drift 

 near the sea-coast of Essex, has been split vertically and 

 lengthwise through all the molars. 



A similar condition of some of the Mammalian fossil 

 remains, including parts of the Mammoth, discovered by 

 Mr. Stutchbury in a cavernous fissure at Durdham Down 

 near Bristol, has been explained on the hypothesis of con- 

 siderable relative movement having taken place in the walls 

 of the fissure of the cavern since the deposit of the organic 

 remains ; and Mr. Stutchbury adduces, in confirmation of 

 this view, the fact, that a calcareous spar-vein in the 

 vicinity bears undoubted evidence of having been moved 

 and reconstructed. 



Other forces than the concussion of rocks by earthquakes 

 seem, however, to have operated in producing the fractures 

 of the teeth and bones in the beds of Essex gravel or drift 

 above adverted to ; and I cannot suggest any more pro- 

 bable dynamic than the action of masses of ice, on the 

 supposition of such being chiefly concerned in the deposi- 

 tion and dispersion of the superficial drift itself. 



It is remarkable that the bones and teeth of the Ele- 

 phant are very rarely rolled or water-worn ; the fractured 



