CERVUS ELAPHUS. 473 



Germs of the size of the Red-deer, is the red-crag at 

 Newbourne. More conclusive evidence of the specific 

 character of this sized Deer is afforded by antlers as 

 well as teeth and bones, and these attest the existence of 

 the Cervus Elaphus through intermediate formations, as 

 the newer freshwater pliocene, and the mammoth silt of 

 ossiferous caves, up to the growth of existing turbaries and 

 peat-bogs. I found remains of this round-antlered Deer 

 in all the collections of Mammalian fossils from the fluvio- 

 marine crag, and more recent freshwater and lignite beds in 

 Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. Similar remains have been 

 obtained from the lacustrine deposits in Yorkshire; the head 

 with antlers two feet ten inches in length, figured by 

 Knowlton in the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1746, 

 pi. i. fig. 2, was dug out of a bed of sand in the river 

 Eye, in the East Riding of that county.* Hopkins trans- 

 mitted the sketch of an antler of a large Red-deer to the 

 Royal Society, which is figured in vol. xxxvii. No. 422, of 

 the ' Philosophical Transactions.' The terminal branches 

 of the crown are broken off, yet the length of the antler is 

 thirty inches; the circumference of the base ten inches, 

 and the length of the brow-antler sixteen inches and three 

 quarters. This was drawn out of Ravensbarrow Hole ad- 

 joining Holker Old Park, Lancashire, by the net of a 

 fisherman, in 1727. "The tide flows constantly where it 

 is found, and the land is very high near it." Ib. p. 257. 

 The antlers attached to the head of the Stag found beneath 

 a peat-moss in the same county, and figured by Leigh in 

 his ' Natural History of Lancashire,' attest an animal of 

 equal size, each antler measuring forty inches in length. 

 Mr. Gale records the discovery of antlers of a Red-deer, 

 with a brow- antler nine inches long, found by the workmen 



* See also Young and Bird, ' Geology of Yorkshire,' 4to. pi. 1 7. 



