42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



8. TYPE BY INCLUSION. 



RULE. If an author proposes a genus, without designating a type, and 

 includes among the original species [i. <.. the valid species from his stand- 

 point] the determined type of an earlier genus, such type becomes ipso 

 facto the type of the new genus. 



Thus, let X-us, 1890, proposed without designation of a type, include 

 the following species: 



albus, 1890, new species. 



niger, 1885, type of Y-us, 1885; type of X-us by inclusion. 



In discussing this proposition with s} r stematists, we find a wide differ- 

 ence of opinion. Some workers consider it altogether too extreme; 

 others consider it inherently just. 



The general idea of type by inclusion seems to have been first sug- 

 gested but not distinctly formulated in the Stricklandian Code (see 

 above p. 14 " for if the later includes the type of the earlier genus, 

 it would be canceled by the operation of 4"). 



The cases which come under consideration in this connection natu- 

 rall} 7 fall into several groups. 



In regard to the cases first to be mentioned the types are or may be 

 definite^ determined .by other principles as well as by inclusion : 



Characostomum Railliet, 1902, 109; monotypical, and mucronatum is in addition type by 

 original designation; Characostomurn= Globocephalus ( inonotypical ; mucro- 

 natum) and Cystocephalus (monotypical; mucronatum) renamed. Thus, Char- 

 acostomum contains the type of two earlier monotypical names, and it is itself 

 monotypical and in addition has its type determined by original designation. 



Cylichnostomum Looss, 1902, 86; typetetracanthum; Cylichnostomum is a new name pro- 

 posed for Cyathostomum, which is monotypical (tetracanthus) . 



Cystocephalus Railliet, 1895; type longemucronatus; also monotypical and equals a 

 monotypical genus, Globocephalus, renamed. 



Echinonema Linstow, 1898; type cinctum; monotypical and equals a monotypical 

 genus, Hoplocephalus, renamed. 



Fimbrilla Cobb, 1905; monotypical and is proposed as new name for Fimbria, which is 

 also monotypical. . 



Heterocheilus Diesing, 1839; type tunicatus=heterolobus; monotypical and equals a 

 monotypical genus, Lobocephalus, renamed; also type by virtual tautonymy. 



Laphyctes Dujardin, 1845a; type cristata; monotypical and equals a monotypical 

 genus, Rictularia, renamed. 



Lepturis Schlotthauber, 1860; type currula; monotypical; the only species is type of 

 an earlier monotypical genus, Oxyuris. 



Mastigodes Zeder, 1800; type hominis = trichiura; Mastigodes was distinctly proposed 

 as new name for an earlier, inonotypical genus, Trichuri*. 



Pelodera Schneider, 1866; type strongyloides; Pelodera equals the monotypical genus 

 Pelodytes Schneider, 1860 [not Fitz., ante 1846], renamed; strongyloldes 

 would be type by page precedence also. 



Pseudorhabditis Perroncito, 1881; type stercoralis; monotypical, the only species being 

 type of an earlier monotypical genus, Strongyloides, 1879. 



Ptychocephalus Diesing, 1861; type spirotheca; monotypical; also equals an earlier 

 monotypical genus, Pseudonymus, 1851, renamed. 



Tanqua R. Blanchard, 1904; monotypical; also equals an earlier monotypical genus 

 renamed. 



