CLASSIFICATION OF DOGS. 25 



class dogs. This result is in reality only the perfection 

 of what is implied in the above. It follows almost 

 as a corollary that all that is not of use in the formation 

 of the animal is to be condemned, and is commonly called 

 "lumber." Though the standards can not be so framed 

 that the internal organs shall be taken into the account di- 

 rectly, they are really considered in the form of the ani- 

 mal. It must, however, be remembered that what is 

 termed stamina i. e., endurance and resisting power under 

 unfavorable conditions is the outcome of the working of 

 all the cells of the body as maintained in a general balance 

 of functions. It is well known that pure-bred dogs have 

 not the stamina of mongrels in the sense now implied, and 

 this is probably due to those disturbances introduced into 

 the economy by those modifications of form, etc., for 

 which man is responsible. 



The writer's accounts of the various breeds will scarce- 

 ly be full enough to constitute them complete standards. 

 They will, however, be more comprehensive, and, it is 

 hoped, have a special value to both the breeder and practi- 

 tioner of medicine, inasmuch as they will be illustrated, and 

 an attempt will be made to give reasons, if only briefly and 

 by way of suggestion rather than as elaborate explanations. 



The whole subject will probably be better understood 

 if the principles stated above are applied first to the dif- 

 ferent sections of the body, without special reference to 

 any one breed exclusively. 



Standards further considered. Certain terms have been 

 and are used by breeders, convenient and well understood, 

 though very difficult to define by words. Among these 

 are " character," " quality," and " type." 



