EXERCISE AND TRAINING OF PUPPIES. 169 



elaborate. All training is based on essentially the same 

 principles, for the mind of the trainer and that of the 

 dog are relative constants, while the circumstances are the 

 variables. 



In every instance the dog, from the earliest period, 

 must know the trainer as his master, as one who knows 

 his own mind and is always to be obeyed. But, in order 

 to insure this, the principles we have already endeavored 

 to enforce must be faithfully and intelligently applied ; 

 and it is very important, we repeat, that nothing be under- 

 taken that can not be performed, and every advance in 

 instruction approached by slight gradation and frequent 

 repetition. All sound training must constantly keep in 

 mind the individuality of the animal. The assumption 

 that all dogs should be treated just alike, is as erroneous 

 as that all stomachs may have the same diet. 



A dog kept constantly in a kennel can never attain his 

 highest psychical development ; and it is the author's expe- 

 rience that it does every dog good to bring him into the 

 house occasionally for short periods and allow him to 

 mingle with the family. It raises the animal in his own 

 estimation, and attaches him to his master, for whom he 

 will have increased respect. 



The exercise of puppies is, of course, of more impor- 

 tance than that of grown dogs, as not only their health but 

 their development is to be considered. Bearing in mind 

 their eagerness, their inexperience, the ease with which 

 they are exhausted, the immature character of their tis- 

 sues, and their general instability of nature, certain pre- 

 cautions are very necessary. 



It has been already pointed out that the object of exer- 



