LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE. 



1. Eroded country typical of the United Provinces and Punjab ... 1 



2. The denuded Siwaliks in the Hoshiarpur district, Punjab 5 



3. Gaugotri, the source of the sacred Ganges ... ... 6 



4. The disforested Mussooree hills ... ... ... 6 



5. A stream-bed in the Siwalik hills closed to grazing ... ... 7 



6. Hillside erosion in the Appalachian mountains ... ... 7 



7. Trees destroyed by gravel brought down from the hills .. 8 



8. Hillside cultivation ... ... ... ... 9 



9. The goat ... ... ... ... ... 10 



10. Typical ravine scenery in the Etawah district ... 12 



11. The commencement of a ravine showing typical erosion ... 12 



12. Head of a ravine being reclaimed. Result of one year's work ... 14 



13. Head of a ravine being reclaimed. Result of two years' work ... 14 



14. A village threatened by ravine-erosion - ... ... 15 



15 Famine labour working ridges and ditches on a steep slope ... 16 



16. Famine labour employed on bandh construction .. ... 17 



17. Soil-preparation on moderate slopes with ridges and ditches ... 18 



18. Typical ravine country with soil-preparation completed by famine 



labour ... ... ... .. 19 



19. Ransome's S. B. plough .:. ... ... ... 21 



20. Mild 1 avine land ploughed and sown with shisham, four years old 21 



21. A babul plantation two and a half years old at the head of a ravine 22 



22. A babul plantation three and a half years old at the bottom of a 



ravine ... ... . ... ... 22 



23. Ravine land before planting ... ... ... ... 23 



24. The same land five years later ... ... ... 23 



25. The China hillside, Naini Tal, 'before the landslide ... ... 25 



26. The China landslide- 1880 ... ... ... ... 26 



27. The China hillside as it now appears ... ... ... 27 



28. Afforestation in the Himalayas. A promising 15-year old 



plantation ... ... ... 29 



29. A sal forest ... ... IA 



30. Diagram of a bandh ... ... ... ... 20 



