450 ALFALFA FARMING IN AMERICA. 



investigators indicate that practically no seed is produced if the 

 flowers are not tripped. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are gener- 

 ally believed to be the most efficient of all insects in setting off 

 the explosive mechanism, and hence in bringing about pollination. 

 Honeybees, though not nearly so effective as bumblebees, should 

 not be underrated in this connection. It is a practice in some 

 parts of the country to place beehives along the margins of al- 

 falfa fields intended for seed. Beekeepers follow with their col- 

 onies fields planted for seed, for the purpose of -getting tne honey. 

 This is mutually beneficial, as larger yields of both seed and honey 

 result. Wild bees (Andrena spp. and Megachile spp.) and various 

 butterflies are also valuable agents in pollinating alfalfa flowers. 



That the explosion of alfalfa flowers may be accomplished by 

 other means than insect visitation is quite well known. The in- 

 sertion of a more or less pointed instrument into the throat of the 

 corolla has often been resorted to in studying the tripping 

 mechanism of individual flowers. Roberts and Freeman describe 

 a method of exploding flowers in large numbers by rolling the 

 head carefully but firmly between the thumb and the first and 

 second fingers. This trips the flowers then at the proper stage 

 of maturity. Tripping on a still more wholesale scale may be 

 done by grasping the entire plant between the hands at successive 

 intervals. In this case it is best to work from the bottom toward 

 the top of the plant, exerting the required pressure at the proper 

 intervals. 



It has been found that flowers tripped by any form of manip- 

 ulation set seed readily, while other flowers left unexploded and 

 from which insects are excluded rarely set seed. 



As only a slight pressure on the keel is necessary to trip the 

 flower artificial methods may be resorted to as a means of sup- 

 plementing the natural process as accomplished by insects. In 

 an experiment at the Arlington experimental farm in which the 

 method mentioned of exerting pressure successively over the whole 

 plant was used, the yield of pods was increased 25% per cent 

 over adjoining rows not thus treated. At Chico, Cal., an increase 

 of 1-29 per cent in the number of pods resulted. Although greater 

 seed yields also result, two experiments at least indicate that the 

 increase in the number of seeds is not in as high proportion as is 

 the increase in the number of pods. 



Further experiments and more exact observations under vary- 

 ing conditions in different sections will be necessary to deter- 

 mine just when sufficiently increased yields of seed may be ex- 

 pected to justify the expense of the undertaking. Any alfalfa seed 

 producer may test this method experimentally on a small scale. 



