FORMATION OF SYSTEMS. 335 



the petals ; Hermann was afructicist. Christopher 

 Knaut 49 adopted the system of Ray, but inverted 

 the order of its parts ; Christian Knaut did nearly 

 the same with regard to that of Rivinus, taking 

 number before regularity in the flower 50 . 



Of the systems which prevailed previous to that 

 of Linnaeus, Tournefort's was by far the most gene- 

 rally accepted. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort was 

 of a noble family in Provence, and was appointed 

 professor at the Jardin du Roi in 1683. His well- 

 known travels in the Levant are interesting on 

 other subjects, as well as botany. His Institutio Rei 

 fferbarice, published in 1700, contains his method, 

 which is that of a corollist. He is guided by the 

 regularity or irregularity of the flowers, by their 

 form, and by the situation of the receptacle of the 

 seeds below the calyx, or within it. Thus his classes 

 are those in which the flowers are campaniform, 

 or bell-shaped ; those in which they are infundi- 

 buliform, or funnel-shaped, as Tobacco ; then the 

 irregular flowers, as the Personatce, which resemble 

 an ancient mask ; the Labiatce, with their two lips ; 

 the Cruciform; the Rosacete, with flowers like a 

 rose ; the Umbelliferce ; the Caryophyllece, as the 

 Pink; the Liliacece, with six petals, as the Tulip, 

 Narcissus, Hyacinth, Lily ; the Papilionacece, which 

 are leguminous plants, the flower of which resem- 

 bles a butterfly, as Peas and Beans ; and finally, the 

 Anomalous, as Violet, Nasturtium, and others. 



49 Enumeratio Plantarum, &c., 1687 '* Linn. 



