LIVE STOCK ON DRY FARMS 433 



dairy products, owing to the fact that it may be grown 

 largely, in many instances, on rugged and broken pas- 

 tures in proximity to the arable farm or forming a part 

 of it. During the milk period, beef will be produced 

 by methods that are radically different. On the strictly 

 arable farm, the calves will be hand-fed, while on the 

 arable and rugged farm, they will be suckled by their 

 dams. 



When reared by hand, the calves should be progeny 

 of dual cows, and the aim should be to have them come 

 in the fall. If the progeny of dairy cows, they should 

 be sired by a beef bull. They should be reared essen- 

 tially on skim milk and adjuncts after the age of two 

 weeks. They should have good grazing, as rye or rape, 

 sown especially for them, and they should, as a rule, be 

 put on the market at the age of not more than 18 months. 

 While taking milk, and subsequently, such meals as 

 bran, ground oats, barley or Milo maize should be fed 

 to them freely, also a nice quality of alfalfa hay. Dur- 

 ing the second winter they should be fed on such fod- 

 ders as alfalfa, corn and sorghum, and should get a few 

 pounds daily of such meal as barley, speltz or Milo 

 maize. The aim should be to force growth with a pru- 

 dent haste and thus shorten the period of pasturing and 

 effect a substantial saving in the food of maintenance. 



When reared on the dams during the milk period, it 

 may not always be the best plan to have the calves come 

 in the fall, as when they come in the spring the cows 

 may oftentimes graze much of the winter on the rugged 

 pastures. Provision should be made for saving such 

 pasture by keeping the stock from grazing on that por- 

 tion in summer. The first winter the calves should be 

 given a moderate amount of grain along with the fod- 

 ders named above. The second summer they will be 

 on the pastures without grain. The second winter they 

 may be fed* similarly to the hand-reared calves when 



