34 MEMBERS OF PLANTS. 



reversed ! , on one side 2 , procumbent, submersed, 

 floating 3 , or emerging out of water. 



With respect to duration, leaves either fall off in 

 summer, at the approach of winter, or are evergreen. 

 When they wither and remain without falling, they 

 are said to be persistent 4 , as in oak and beech. 



Leaf, Flower, and Fruit Scales. 



At the bases of leaves, there is in most species a 

 member similar to a leaf, most commonly small, as in 

 the hedge vetch, but larger than the leaf itself in the 

 pea ; this I term the leaf-scale 5 , which is always double, 

 or in pairs. The leaf-scale in heart's-ease is lyre- 

 winged; in the rose it is on the . leaf-stalk, and in 

 grasses it is a white gouge-formed membrane at the 

 inner base of the leaf. This, however, is not considered 

 by some to be a leaf scale, but a crown like that in 

 the flowers of catch-fly; yet both this, and also the 

 sheathing scale 6 of rhubarb, bistort, and buckwheat, 

 are certainly leaf-scales. 



There are somewhat similar leaf-like members, often 

 coloured otherwise than green, in many species on the 

 flower-stalk, which may be called the floral leaf, or 

 flower-scale 7 , as in the lime tree and the purple clary. 



(1) In Latin, Resupinata. 



(2) In Latin, Unilateralia or Secunda. (3) In Latin, Fluitantia. 

 (4) In Latin, Persistentia. (5) In Latin, Stipula. 



(6) In Latin, Ochrea. (7) In Latin, Bractea. 



