A HISTORY OF SCIENCE 



plants as well, and he is almost as fully entitled to be 

 called the father of vegetable anatomy, though here 

 his honors are shared by the Englishman Grew. In 

 1 68 1, while Malpighi's work, Anatomia plantarum, was 

 on its way to the Royal Society for publication, Grew's 

 Anatomy of Vegetables was in the hands of the pub- 

 lishers, making its appearance a few months earlier 

 than the work of the great Italian. Grew's book was 

 epoch-marking in pointing out the sex-differences in 

 plants. 



Robert Hooke developed the microscope, and took 

 the first steps towards studying vegetable anatomy, 

 publishing in 1667, among other results, the discovery 

 of the cellular structure of cork. Hooke applied the 

 name "cell" for the first time in this connection. 

 These discoveries of Hooke, Malpighi, and Grew, and 

 the discovery of the circulation of the blood by William 

 Harvey shortly before, had called attention to the 

 similarity of animal and vegetable structures. Hales 

 made a series of investigations upon animals to deter- 

 mine the force of the blood pressure ; and similarly he 

 made numerous statical experiments to determine the 

 pressure of the flow of sap in vegetables. His Vege- 

 table Statics, published in 1727, was the first important 

 work on the subject of vegetable physiology, and for 

 this reason Hales has been called the father of this 

 branch of science. 



In botany, as well as in zoology, the classifications 

 of Linnaeus of course supplanted all preceding classi- 

 fications, for the obvious reason that they were much 

 more satisfactory; but his work was a culmination of 

 many similar and more or less satisfactory attempts 



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