IX 



THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL 

 PSYCHOLOGY 



BRAIN AND MIND 



A LITTLE over a hundred years ago a reform 

 /A movement was afoot in the world in the interests 

 of the insane. As was fitting, the movement showed 

 itself first in America, where these unfortunates were 

 humanely cared for at a time when their treatment 

 elsewhere was worse than brutal; but England and 

 France quickly fell into line. The leader on this side 

 of the water was the famous Philadelphian, Dr. Benja- 

 min Rush, "the Sydenham of America"; in England, 

 Dr. William Tuke inaugurated the movement; and in 

 France, Dr. Philippe Pinel, single-handed, led the way. 

 Moved by a common spirit, though acting quite in- 

 dependently, these men raised a revolt against the 

 traditional custom which, spurning, the insane as de- 

 mon-haunted outcasts, had condemned these unfortu- 

 nates to dungeons, chains, and the lash. Hitherto few 

 people had thought it other than the natural course of 

 events that the " maniac " should be thrust into a dun- 

 geon, and perhaps chained to the wall with the aid of 

 an iron band riveted permanently about his neck or 

 waist. Many an unfortunate, thus manacled, was held 

 to the narrow limits of his chain for years together in a 



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