THE WORK OF AIR AND WATER 



cently been developed, and which we shall have occasion 

 to examine in detail in connection with our studies of 

 the power at Niagara, gives a new field of usefulness to 

 the turbine wheel, and makes it probable that this 

 form of power will be vastly more used in the future 

 than it has been in the past. Indeed, it would not be 

 surprising were it ultimately to become the prime source 

 of working energy as utilized in every department of 

 the world's work. 



Mr. Edward H. Sanborn, in an article on Motive 

 Power Appliances in the Twelfth Census Report of the 

 United States, comments upon the recent advances 

 in the use of water wheels as follows: 



"One notable advance in turbine construction has 

 been the production of a type of wheel especially de- 

 signed for operating under much higher heads of water 

 than were formerly considered feasible for wheels of 

 this type. Turbines are now built for heads ranging 

 from ico to 1,200 feet, and quite a number of wheels 

 are in operation under heads of from 100 to 200 feet. 

 This is an encroachment upon the field occupied almost 

 exclusively by wheels variously known as the ' impulse/ 

 'impact/ ' tangential/ or 'jet j type, the principle of 

 which is the impact of a powerful jet of water from a 

 small nozzle upon a series of buckets mounted upon 

 the periphery of a small wheel." 



"The impact water wheel," Mr. Sanborn continues, 

 "has come largely into use during the last ten years, 

 principally in the far West, where higher heads of water 

 are available than can be found in other parts of the 

 country. With wheels of this type, exceedingly simple 



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