CONTENTS 



type machine, p. 145 The graphotype, p. 148 Other type-setting 

 machines, p. 150 Mechanical type-setting and distributing, p. 151 

 Bookbinding, p. 153 Materials used in the early days of book- 

 binding, p. 154 Hand binding, p. 156 Mechanical bookbinding, 

 P- i57- 



CHAPTER VIII 



THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER 



The Moors as paper-makers, p. 160 Early paper-making in Europe, 

 p. 161 Making paper by hand, p. 162 The "watermark," p. 

 163 Modern rag- pa per, p. 164 Manipulation of the rags in the 

 factory, p. 165 Accidental discovery of the use of bluing in paper- 

 making, p. 167 The pulp, p. 168 How the pulp is transformed 

 into paper, p. 169 Paper from wood pulp, p. 171 Pulp grinding 

 discovered in Germany, p. 172 How the paper for "greenbacks" is 

 made, p. 175 Watermarks and special papers, p. 176 Calendered 

 papers and "coated" papers, p. 178 Special uses of paper, p. 179 

 Paper car wheels, p. 180. 



CHAPTER IX 



THE REPRODUCTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Early wood-engraving, p. 184 The oldest wood cuts, p. 186 

 How light and dark effects are produced, p. 187 The pictures of 

 Albrecht Dikrer, p. 188 Technic of wood -engraving, p. 189 Time 

 consumed in making a wood-engraving, p. 190 Copper- and steel- 

 plate engravings, p. 192 The invention of the Florentine goldsmith, 

 p. 193 Etching, p. 195 Mezzotint, p. 196 The invention of 

 lithography, p. 197 Materials used in lithography, p. 199 The 

 introduction of process work, p. 202 The half-tone, p. 205 How 

 the "screens" are prepared, p. 208 Three-color process of repro- 

 duction, p. 211 Color filters, p. 213 Intaglio processes, p. 217. 



CHAPTER X 



PHOTOGRAPHY IN ITS SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS 



The fact that light causes chemicals quickly to change color dis- 

 covered by Scheele in 1780, p. 220 Tentative efforts, p. 222 

 The Daguerreotype, p. 224 First portraits ever taken, p. 226 

 Talbot's "calotype" process, p. 227 Glass negatives, p. 229 

 Collodion-emulsion process, p. 231 The flexible film invented, p. 

 2 33 Photographing in natural colors, p. 235 The explanation of 



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