SCIENCE IN THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD 



accordance with the saw-marks in the back of the volume. 

 The method of sewing varies according as the sewer is 

 working one or two ' sheets on,' and the number of 

 bands employed may be from two to six, according to 

 the size of the sheet, weight of the book, etc. When 

 taken out of the sewing-frame the fly leaves are pasted 

 on, and, the volume being neatly squared, the back 

 is covered with a coating of thin glue; it is then laid on 

 a board and allowed gradually to dry. When the glue 

 is quite dry the back is rounded by beating with a ham- 

 mer, and subsequently the volume is placed between two 

 feather-edged boards, above which the back projects 

 slightly. These are then placed together in a lying- 

 press, for the backing process, that is, the back of the 

 book is well beaten until it projects a little over each 

 side of the beveled board, so as to form a groove or 

 place for the millboard covers to lie in. 



"The book is now ready for boarding. The boards 

 were formerly, as the name indicates, really of wood, 

 but now of millboards of various thicknesses, accord- 

 ing to the size of the book. They are cut a little larger 

 than the book itself, and are attached by the ends of the 

 bands, left for that purpose, being passed through holes 

 in the sides of the boards. The ends of the slips or bands 

 are then frayed out, pasted down, and hammered flat 

 and smooth. 



"The volume is next placed between pressing-boards, 

 and put with others into the standing-press, where it is 

 submitted to a powerful pressure for several hours. 

 Thereafter it is again fastened into a lying-press for 

 cutting or plowing the edges with a knife-edged instru- 



