THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER 



objects as tea-kettles, beer mugs, jugs, etc., as water- 

 marks. King Henry VIII showed his contempt for 

 the Pope by using a watermark in his stationery show- 

 ing a fat hog wearing a miter. " Fool's cap " is the name 

 handed down from the time of Charles I, when a paper 

 having a fool's cap and bells for a watermark was used 

 in place of paper having the royal arms, in derision of 

 the monarch. "Post" paper, which was watermarked 

 with a post-horn, gets its name from the old paper that 

 was made "letter size," convenient for folding, before the 

 days of envelopes. 



At the present time only the better grades of paper are 

 given watermarks, and these are usually in the form 

 of the names, or designs, of the manufacturers. The 

 old custom of designating the kind of paper by such 

 marks has fallen into disuse. 



The development of photographic processes for re- 

 producing pictures was responsible for the polished 

 paper on which the now familiar half-tone is printed. 

 Such cuts can be printed on almost any kind of paper 

 with modern presses; but for the very best reproduc- 

 tions it is necessary to use a paper having a surface 

 coated with a fine clay, and polished by calendering. 

 Some idea of what a difference in results is made by 

 the different papers may be seen by comparing the half- 

 tone cuts in newspapers with those in the higher-class 

 magazines. The newspaper cuts lack the contrasts of 

 white and black, being of a more nearly uniform gray 

 tone. Yet they may have been printed from the same 

 half-tone cuts as the magazine illustrations. The dif- 

 ference in appearance is largely due to the difference 



VOL. vm. 12 [ 177 ] 



