SCIENCE IN THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD 



In the 70' s or 80' s of the last century three scien- 

 tists, Edward Muybridge in America, Stephen Marey 

 in France, and Anschiitz in Germany, although pur- 

 suing an entirely different subject, took the first steps 

 in the development of chrono-photography. These 

 men were deeply engrossed in the study of animal 

 locomotion, and Muybridge's hobby was the horse. 

 In 1877 he placed a series of cameras at regular intervals 

 opposite an inclined white reflecting surface. A fine 

 thread was stretched from the shutter of each camera 

 and in front of the row a horse was caused to pass. 

 The animal naturally broke the threads in turn, and 

 as these acts operated the shutters, the investigator 

 obtained a series of plates showing the horse's atti- 

 tude at the moment of exposure. To combine these 

 plates and obtain a moving picture Muybridge devised 

 an apparatus which he termed the zoopraxiscope, by 

 which the positives, arranged on an immense revolv- 

 ing disk, were brought one after another in rapid suc- 

 cession into the light of a projecting lantern. 



Marey took up the principle of the "photographic 

 revolver" which Jansen had invented in 1874 and 

 adapted it to the analyses of very rapid movement. 

 By means of the photographic gun he obtained ex- 

 cellent and valuable photographs of birds in full flight. 

 Mention should also be made here of the work of George 

 Demeny, a pupil of Marey 's, who devised the photo- 

 scope for reproducing the motion of a man's lips so that 

 deaf mutes could read "photographed sentences." 



Anschiitz' s contribution to chrono-photography was 

 the tachyscope (1887). His sensitive plate was a large 



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