THE DWELLING HOUSE 



till the familiar quadrilateral court was formed once 

 more. These walls were frequently four or five stories 

 high. This fortress finally gave way to the palace of 

 the Renaissance, and it is interesting to note the sur- 

 vival, in a transmuted form, of the martial tower in 

 the decorative tourelle the turret and oriel of these 

 peaceful and ornate mansions. When Henry VIII 

 confiscated the monastic institutions of England, many 

 convents were turned into manor houses. Domestic 

 architecture in England now became enriched; gables 

 increased, pediments appeared over gable windows, 

 and these were molded and adorned with pinnacles, 

 finials, and vanes. These weather vanes were often 

 musical boxes wound by the breeze. 



So far we have considered the dwelling-house as a 

 whole. If we turn to the individual parts, we find that 

 each has a separate and interesting historical develop- 

 ment of its own. We have mentioned that the erection 

 of complete upper stories was impossible prior to the 

 invention of the flue. It will be interesting to inquire 

 when this particular construction, which to the modern 

 world seems indispensable, was first used. Its origin 

 depends, of course, upon one's definition of the term 

 "chimney." In its most radical sense it can be ex- 

 tended to comprise a hole in the ceiling or wall for 

 the escape of smoke, and these holes were probably 

 contemporaneous with the discovery of fire. The 

 translator of the third verse of the thirteenth chapter 

 of Hosea, for instance, has rendered as chimney the 

 Hebrew word arubeh, which means a hole or opening, 

 or, specially, a window. Such looseness of termi- 



