31 



with the seedling forms in all stages of the prevailing coniferous species, 

 were general as forest undershrubs. 



Lianes. These comprised Freycinetia Gibbsefe with the climbing Bamboo 

 of the S.W. ridge, Luzuriaga aspericaulis, with white flowers and black 

 berries, Palmeria arfakiana, $ , another of Beccari's Hatam plants, of 

 which he collected the ? , Lyonsia albijiora, Tecomanthe volubilis, of which 

 the fallen pink corollas, recalling Lapageria rosea in size and colour, were 

 plentiful, with Lucincea reticulata, all slender graceful plants. 



Epiphytes. Stictose Lichens and thallose hepatics, se conspicuously 

 absent on Kinabalu, in comparison with Polynesia, were here well to the 

 fore again, of which *Sticta variabilis and *Riccardia maxima were in fruit, 

 and the beautiful *Spiridens Reinwardtii, setting out straight from the tree- 

 trunks, recalled vivid Fijian memories, other mosses collected being 

 * Rhizogonium spiniforme, Endotricliella arfakiana, Ectropothecium arfak- 

 ense. The ferns *Trichomanes meifolium, T. aphlebioides, * Hymenopliyllum 

 panicidiftorum, *H. Kurzii, *H. australe, *H. salakense, * JIumata alftina, 

 H. neoguineensis, *Davallia dissecta, *D. contigua, Pteris papuana, * Poly- 

 podium hirtellum, *P. Curtisii, and * Asplenium acutiusculum, associated with 

 Lycopodium squarrosum, Burmannia longifolia, and the orchids Glomera 

 angiensis with terra-cotta flowers, G. similis and G. transitoria, Liparis 

 Gibbsece, Ceratostylis a&fak#n$# -and C~i angiensis, a yellow Pedilochilis sp., 

 P1ireatia densissima, Dendrobium o.vytophyllum, D. riparium, Bidbophyllum 

 ovalitepalum, B. tricanaliferum, B. octarrhenipetalum, B. ovalifolium, 

 B. arfakense, B. birugatum, Octarrhena cylindrica var. major, were mostly 

 small species with delicate inconspicuous flowers ; while only one plant was 

 found in flower of the charming little Vaccinium cydopense var. arfakense, 

 which spreads with dorsiventral branches over the trunks of trees, the 

 corolla red with green tips. 



1 ft. Araucaria Forest. 



The forest took on a totally different character in the spinneys and along 

 the edge which bounded the marsh to the south-east, where the latter was 

 very boggy with much standing water, a character also shown by the 

 encircling forest, on the edge of which I collected, in a dense growth of 

 Polypodium papuanum, Melastoma malabathricum var. adpressum, Vaccinium 

 globosum var. adpressum, Trimenia arfakensis, Sliejjflera angiensis, and /Sym- 

 plocos arfakensis. Araucaria Beccarii, in groups and gregarious, here 

 predominated, the undergrowth dank and impenetrable on the marshy land, 

 where these trees were young, but absent under the older trees on the basal 

 slopes of the eastern ridge, where it rose steeply from the lake (PI. 3. fig. 5). 



In this part the chocolate-brown humus, representing the remains of 

 many generations of trees, covered huge boulders, pointing to a former 

 dominance of this coniferous forest type, with the shed branches of which 



