92 ECONOMIC MAMMALOGY 



mouth disease, 22 which is so disastrous to cattle and sheep, and also to 

 other diseases. 23 Deer are subject to fatal Cephanomyia infestation, 24 

 fatal neck tumors, pinkeye, distemper and various diseases of do- 

 mestic stock, in addition to the foot-and-mouth disease. 25 Along the 

 California coast many deer are infested with lung-worms, in addition 

 to at least three other serious parasites which are also found in the 

 domestic stock of the region. 26 A white-tailed deer in captivity was 

 infested with liver flukes. 27 The Yellowstone Park and Jackson Hole 

 elk are subject to scabies, doubtless introduced by domestic sheep, 

 and an epizootic disease. 28 Caribou are often seriously infested with 

 warble-fly maggots. 29 



Skinner says that the pronghorn antelope in Yellowstone Park is 

 much subject to disease and parasites. Lumpy jaw, which kills deer 

 and elk, is especially virulent to the pronghorn, and in captivity it suf- 

 fers with pneumonia, pyemia, congestion of the lungs and ulcers. It 

 is also afflicted by internal parasites such as affect domesticated goats, 

 sheep and cattle tapeworms, stomach worms, whipworms and hair 

 worms. The embryos of the tapeworm of the coyote, wolf and fox 

 are found in the pronghorn. 30 



Diseases and parasites of the muskrat have been discussed by John- 

 son and Barker. 31 



Rush 32 reports mountain sheep to have been dying of disease in 

 large numbers in Montana, a pronghorn antelope with ulcerated lungs 

 and diseased kidneys (diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis), a porcu- 

 pine and two muskrats with hearts partly atrophied, beaver, muskrats 

 and mountain sheep with intestinal worms, and so on. 



Hornaday discusses, among other things, the caribou disease in 

 Quebec, mountain sheep scab, lumpy jaw among pronghorned antelope 



"Adams. Scientific Monthly, xx, 581, 1925. 



23 California Fish and Game, n, 138, 1916. 



24 Walker, Cephenomyia sp. killing deer, Science, LXIX, 646-647, 1928. 



25 Hall, California Fish and Game, xir, 248-249, 1926. See also Bryant, Investiga- 

 tions of deer disease in Mendocino County, California Fish and Game, xn, 107-108, 

 1926. 



^California Fish and Game, xv, 135, 164, 1929. 



27 Fox, Disease in captive mammals and birds, p. 3, 1923. 



28 Skinner, Journ. Mammalogy, ix, 309-317, 1928. Murie, An epizootic disease of 

 elk, Journ. Mammalogy, xi, 214-222, 1930. 



29 Hewitt, The conservation of the wild life of Canada, p. 67, 1921. 



30 Skinner, The American antelope in Yellowstone Park, pp. 19-20. 



31 Johnson, Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, in, 292-294, 1925. Barker, Journ. Para- 

 sitology, i, 184-197, 1915; Science, XLII, 570, 1915; XLIII, 208, 1916; Trans. Amer. 

 Microscopical Soc., xxxv, 175-184, 1916. 



32 Rush, Notes on diseases of wild game mammals, Journ. Mammalogy vin 163- 

 165, 1927. 



