94 ECONOMIC MAMMALOGY 



mammals of Africa. Flies, mosquitoes and other insects, though not 

 parasites in the usual sense of the word, worry both wild and do- 

 mesticated animals, sometimes to their decided detriment. The tsetse 

 flies of Africa are disseminators of sleeping sickness, which has 

 wrought great havoc to human life, as well as that of horses, cattle 

 and other mammals. 40 "It is well known that the presence of certain 

 biting flies (Glossina) that carry the trypanosome of the nagana dis- 

 ease, makes the use of horses nearly impossible in certain parts of 

 Africa," and that "the accidental introduction of the Texas fever, a 

 tick-borne disease, into South Africa, resulted at one time in the de- 

 struction of vast numbers of antelope and cattle." 41 Of 506 mammals, 

 belonging to 29 species, in Nigeria, 126 were infested with a total of 

 1153 ticks and mites, as well as many external insect parasites. 42 



There are many native plants which are very poisonous to cattle, 

 horses, sheep, goats and other domestic stock. 43 The animals usually 

 avoid such plants to a great extent except when forage is short, even 



40 Roosevelt, African game trails, pp. 29, 52, 112, 1910. 



41 Allen, Journ. Mammalogy, iv, 267, 1923, reviewing Borradaile, The Animal and 

 its environment, 1923. 



42 Pearse, Arachnids found on Nigerian rodents and insectivores, Journ. Elisha 

 Mitchell Sci. Soc., XLIII, 171-180, 1929; Journ. Mammalogy, x, 270, 1929; Ecology 

 of the ectoparasites of Nigerian rodents and insectivores, Journ. Mammalogy, x, 

 229-239, 1929. 



43 Chestnut, The principal poisonous plants of the United States, U. S. Dept. 

 Agric., Division of Botany Bull. No. 20, 1898; Thirty poisonous plants of the United 

 States, Farmers' Bull. No. 86, 1898 ; Some poisonous plants of the northern stock 

 ranges, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric. for 1900, pp. 305-324. Chestnut and Wilcox, 

 The stock-poisoning plants of Montana, U. S. Div. Bot. Bull. No. 26, 1901. Craw- 

 ford, The larkspurs as poisonous plants, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry Bull. No. 

 in, Part i, pp. 5-12, 1907; Barium, a cause of the loco-weed disease, ibid., No. 129, 

 1908; The supposed relationship of white snakeroot to milksickness or "trembles," 

 ibid., Bull. No. 121, Part I, pp. 5-20, 1908. Marsh, Stock poisoning due to scarcity 

 of food, Farmers' Bull. No. 536, 1913; The loco-weed disease of the plains, U. S. 

 Bureau of Animal Industry Bull. No. 112, 1909; The loco-weed disease, Farmers' 

 Bull. No. 380, 1909; Stock-poisoning plants of the range, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 

 No. 1245, 1924. Marsh and Clawson, Poisonous properties of the whorled milkweeds, 

 ibid., No. 942, 1921 ; The death camas species as poisonous plants, ibid., No. 1012, 

 1922; The woolly-pod milkweed as a poisonous plant, ibid., No. 1212, 1924; The 

 meadow death camas as a poisonous plant, ibid., No. 1240, 1924; The stock-poison- 

 ing death camas, Farmers' Bull. No. 1273, 1922; Sleepy grass (Stipa vaseyi) as a 

 stock-poisoning plant, U. S. Dept. Agric., Technical Bull., No. 114, 1929. Marsh, 

 Clawson and Marsh, Larkspur, or "poison weed," Farmers' Bull. No. 531, 1913; 

 Zygadenus, or death camas, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 125, 1915; Larkspur poisoning 

 of livestock, ibid., No. 365, 1916; Lupines as poisonous plants, ibid., No. 405, 1916. 

 Marsh, Clawson, Couch, and Marsh, Western sneezeweed (Helenium hoopesii) as a 

 poisonous plant, ibid., No. 947, 1921. Marsh, Roe and Clawson, Cockleburs as poison- 

 ous plants, ibid., No. 1274, 1924; Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) as a poison- 

 ous plant, U. S. Dept. Agric., Technical Bull, No. 29, 1928. Marsh, Clawson, Couch 

 and Eggleston, The whorled milkweed, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 800, 1920. 

 Poisonous plants injurious to goats, U. S. Dept. Agric. and U. S. Dept. Commerce, 

 Interdepartmental Angora Goat and Mohair Committee, Miscell. Circular No. 50, 

 1929. 



