1 58 ECONOMIC MAMMALOGY 



publications of organizations composed of sportsmen of the better class 

 (the real sportsmen), naturalists and other nature lovers. A few peri- 

 odicals of importance are published by state fish and game commis- 

 sions. Many special bulletins and circulars upon the same subject are 

 issued by state and government departments and bureaus, especially 

 the United States Biological Survey, and by several state fish and game 

 commissions, for free distribution. The aggregate number of people 

 reached by all these publications is very large, but there are still mil- 

 lions of people in this country who never see such literature and are 

 thoroughly ignorant of the whole subject sometimes even men and 

 women who are reasonably well-informed in a general way. 



In recent years there have been many successful efforts, both public 

 and private, to re-stock certain areas with elk, deer, beaver and other 

 animals that had long ago been destroyed or driven therefrom. The re- 

 sults will doubtless encourage other experiments of the sort. 



A great many private and public bird and mammal refuges have 

 been established in which hunting is entirely prohibited, and the idea 

 of dedicating large tracts of public and private land to the protec- 

 tion of wild life is rapidly growing in favor. Some of the refuges 

 are fenced and under more or less complete control. Others, including 

 the national parks and most of the state and national refuges are open, 

 affording breeding grounds from which the surplus animals, as they 

 increase in numbers, may overflow into the surrounding regions. There 

 are now several hundred such refuges in the United States, most of the 

 states and Canadian provinces having some within their boundaries. 5 



The accompanying tables of refuges have been compiled from in- 

 formation furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture 

 and the game officials of the various states. 



6 Palmer, Private game preserves and their future in the United States, U. S. 

 Biol. Surv. Circular No. 72, 1910; National reservations for the protection of wild 

 life, ibid., No. 87, 1912; Game as a national resource, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. No. 

 1049, 1922 (game refuges on pp. 28-49). Phillips, Pennsylvania's game refuge system 

 and what it is doing to bring back our game, Pennsylvania State Board Agric., 1923. 

 California Fish and Game, x, 95, 1924; xi, 119-120, "1925; ix, 175, 1923. Nelson, U. S. 

 Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 1346, p. 14, 1925. Bird-Lore, 157-158, 1928. Lantz, Deer farm- 

 ing in the United States, Farmers' Bull, No. 330, 1908; Deer farming, U. S. Biol. 

 Surv. Bull. No. 36, 1910. National wild life reservations, U. S. Dept. Agric. Miscell. 

 Pub. No. 51, 1929. National bird and mammal reservations in Alaska in charge of 

 the U. S. Department of Agriculture, U. S. Biol. Surv. Circular No. 71, 1910. Hewitt, 

 The conservation of the wild life of Canada, pp. 235-257, 1921. Ligon, Wild life of 

 New Mexico, pp. 171-184, 1927. Amer. Forests and Forest Life, xxxiv, 114, 1928. 



