326 ECONOMIC MAMMALOGY 



sequent pages. In 1915 the following skins were produced in the 

 United States: 



Calf skins 5,424,000 Sheep skins 15,865,000 



Cattle skins 12,645,000 Goat skins 432,000 



Cattle hides produced in the United States in 1918, 68,830,000; for 

 the whole world, probably 35o,ooo,ooo. 7 



Imports and exports of cattle and calf skins in 1925 : 8 



Imports to United States 190,950,000 pounds 



Imports to other countries 1,507,592,000 pounds 



Exports from United States 62,857,000 pounds 



Exports from other countries 1,252,907,000 pounds 



Prices in Chicago from 10 cents a pound for bull hides to 22 cents for calf skins 



Imports and exports of hides to and from Germany in I9O9-I9IO: 9 



Imports Exports 



Cattle hides $46,356,212 $15,770,000 



Buffalo hides 479,8o8 



Calf skins 31,533,624 4,497,000 



Lamb skins 3,296,062 



Sheep skins 3,024,752 916,062 



Goat and kid skins 6,902,952 1,355,648 



"The world's cattle stocks are estimated in round numbers at 

 500,000,000 head, but this total includes Asian and African figures, 

 upon which no great reliance can be placed." 10 In 1926 there were 

 61,128,000 cattle in the United States, worth over $3,000,000,000, 

 of which 22,290,000 were milk cows, worth $i, 278,877,000." In ad- 

 dition to the meat, milk, butter, cheese and hides, other products de- 

 rived from domestic cattle include tallow, horns and bones, the latter 

 used in the manufacture of fertilizer, etc., the total value of these 

 products being considerable. 



Oxen have been used in many parts of the world for drawing loads, 

 plowing and other heavy work. Sometimes they have been used even 

 as driving animals harnessed to carriages. In the early settlement of 

 our western plains ox teams transported the belongings of the settlers 

 to and beyond the frontiers. They were often shod with iron shoes, 

 divided into two parts to fit the divided hoofs of the oxen. Ancient 

 Hebrew law and the writings of Hindus, Greeks, Egyptians and 



I Holmes, Hides and skins : Production, foreign trade, supply and consumption, 

 Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric. for 1917, pp. 425-446. 



8 U. S. Dept. Agric. Statistical Bull. No. 20, pp. 298-312, 1927. 



9 U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Manufactures, Special Agent 

 Series, No. 50, 1912. 



10 Sanders, The taurine world, etc., Natl. Geog. Mag., XLVIII, 597, 1925. 



II Statistical Bull., No. 20, pp. 9, u, 72, 1927. 



