60 AMERICAN POMOLOGY. 



good trees, bearing fruit like their parents, in soils and 

 climate that are well adapted to this fruit. 



Refined and scientific horticulture has been extensively 

 applied to the multiplication of the grape, which is now 

 produced in immense numbers, from single eyes, or buds. 

 Formerly our vineyards were formed by planting long 

 cuttings at once in the field in the stations to be occupied 

 by the vines, or by setting them first in a nursery, whence 

 they were transplanted to the vineyard, when one or two 

 years old. Only the most refractory kinds, which would 

 not grow readily in the field, or such as were yet rare, were 

 propagated from cuttings, by using the single eye and 

 artificial bottom heat. Now, however, the appliances of 

 our propagators are called. upon for the production of 

 grape-vines by the million, and they find it advisable to 

 multiply all the varieties in this manner. The propagation 

 of the grape by using single eyes affords the most beauti- 

 ful illustration of the subject of the individuality of buds, 

 and though denounced by some as an unnatural, steam- 

 forcing process, it is really an evidence of the advance of 

 horticulture, since every step is supported by a philosoph- 

 ical reason, and the whole process, to be successful, is de- 

 pendent upon.the application to practice of well established 

 scientific truths. 



It has already been stated that the first effect of cell- 

 growth upon a cutting, is the production of a callus. 

 This callus may form upon any cut surface, or even where 

 the bark has been abraded. It is the first effort of nature 

 to repair an injury by the reproduction of new parts; it 

 is most generally found at the base of the cutting, but un- 

 der favorable circumstances, it will be seen also at the up- 



