146 AMERICAN POMOLOGY. 



half standards. Those which are branched so low as to 

 conceal the stem of the tree, and in which the limbs are 

 so well managed that the lower ones are always the long- 

 est, and those above them gradually contracted to the 

 point at the top, are called pyramids, or more properly 

 conical trees. Whether dwarfed or not, trees may be 

 trained in a variety of forms, such as the columnar, some- 

 times culled the quenouitte the vase or goblet form may 

 be given them, or the parasol shape, and they may be 

 made to assume the form of a fan or other mode of ex- 

 tension laterally, when trained upon a wall or espalier 

 frame, as may be seen in the illustrations given by Du 

 Breuil; but it is seldom that our gardeners are willing to 

 bestow the care and attention necessary to produce these 

 results. 



The vertical and oblique cordons represented and re- 

 commended by Du Breuil are very attractive, and admir- 

 able methods of training and dwarfing fruit trees, and of 

 crowding a great many into a small space. His method 

 of making an edging to the fruit-border with dwarf ap- 

 ples, inarched together so as to form a connected tree for 

 its whole length, is a capital illustration of the control we 

 may exercise upon vegetation. 



Standards and pyramids are often trained as weeping 

 trees, for the sake of gratifying the fancy of the cultiva- 

 tor, and with a view of bringing on that early productive- 

 ness which results from the check of the upward current 

 of sap that is incident to such a mode of treatment. This 

 is really a kind of dwarfing so far as it goes, and if com- 

 menced early in the life of che tree, it may become very 

 effective, especially when combined with other means of 



