170 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 



Pappus plumose. 



Akeries spindle-shaped. Flowers yellow. 29. LEONTODOX. 



Akenes long-beaked. Flowers purple. 30. TRAGOPOGOX. 

 Pappus not plumose, of bright white capillary bristles. 



Akenes terete, long-beaked. Flowers solitary on scapes. 31. TARAXACUM. 



Akenes flat, long-beaked. Flowers in panicled heads. 32. LACTUCA. 



Akenes flattened, not beaked. Pappus very soft. 33. SONCHUS. 



1. YERNO'NIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. 



[Named in honor of William Vernon, an English Botanist.] 



Heads many-flowered, in corymbose cymes. Involucre imbricate, shorter 

 than the flowers, the inner scales longest. Receptacle naked. Akenes 

 clavate, ribbed . Pappus double, the inner series of numerous bristles 

 the outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly pe- 

 rennial kerbs, with alternate leaves ; flowers bright purple. 



1. V, Noveboracen'sis, Willd. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate* 

 roughish ; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb ; scales of the involu- 

 cre ovate, acute or often with a long filiform flexuous point. 

 NEW- YORK VERNONIA. Iron-weed. 



Stem 2 or 3-6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm and subligne- 

 ous. Leaves 3 - 6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcoriaceous. Akenes scabrous 

 with short hairs ; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous the outer series con- 

 sisting of short chafty or scale-like bristles. 



Moist meadows and low grounds : throughout the United States. Fl. August. Ft: 

 September. 



06s. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along 

 fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it to be 

 regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows ; and of course it 

 is carefully eradicated by all neat farmers. 



2. EUPATO'RIUM, Tournef. THOROUGH-WORT. 



[Named from Eupatm- Miihridates ; who, it is said, first used the plant.] 



Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre oblong, cylindric or campanu- 

 late, the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series or sometimes nearly 

 equal in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes 5-angied. Pap- 

 pus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or minutely serrulate. 

 Perennial herbs, with leaves mostly opposite or verticillate, often resi- 

 nous dotted ; flowers white or purplish. 



1, E. perfolia'tum, L- Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely 

 branched above ; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate, ob- 

 long-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose, very pu- 

 bescent beneath ; heads about 10 or more flowered. 

 PERFOLIATE EUPATORIUM. Thorough-stem. Boneset. Indian Sage. 



Stem 2-4 feet high, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches 

 long, opposite and completely united at base or sometimes contracted at base and 

 scarcely connate (rarely verticillate in threes, and connate), tapering gradually to a 

 slender point, sprinkled with resinous particles beneath. Heads of flowers crowded, in 



