BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



refracting telescope, with which he discovered 

 the satellites of Jupiter (1610), phases of Venus, 

 sun-spots, etc. In his work on the sun-spots he 

 advocated the Copernican theory, and was de- 

 nounced as a heretic. Was tried and compelled 

 to recant his views. Imprisoned, but soon re- 

 leased and retired to Florence. 



Gall, Franz Joseph, iv, 248. Born at Tiefen- 

 bronn, 1758; died at Montrouge, 1828. German 

 physician and phrenologist. Studied Strasburg 

 and Vienna, practiced in latter city. 1796, began 

 to lecture on structure and function of brain, 

 and for his views the Austrian Government 

 compelled him to leave Vienna, 1802. Settled 

 finally in Paris, practiced and lectured. Here 

 he continued to lay the foundations of phrenol- 

 ogy, in spite of charges of materialism and fa- 

 talism constantly brought against his system. 



Galton, Francis. Born at Birmingham, 1822. 

 English anthropologist and meteorologist. Ed- 

 ucated Birmingham, London, and Cambridge. 

 1850, started to explore in Africa and discovered 

 the Orampo race. Promulgated the theory of 

 anti-cyclones (1863), which is the foundation of 

 weather forecasts. Of late years his studies 

 have been mostly in anthropology and biology. 

 His views on heredity have been widely dis- 

 cussed. He was the first to apply statistics to 

 anthropology and invented the means of taking 

 composite photographs. Has devised various 

 measuring apparatuses for purposes of psychol- 

 ogy. 



Galvani, Luigi, iii, 229. Born at Bologna, 

 1737; died at Bologna, 1798. Italian physician 

 and anatomist. Educated for the priesthood but 



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