GENERAL INDEX 



photography, 4, 68-72 ; utility 

 of, rendered complete, 4, 70; 

 observation of the sun and 

 stars by, 4, 71. 



Spencer, Herbert, his definition 

 of science, 1, 3; lent his in- 

 fluence to the Darwin cause, 

 4, 175; belief in transmuta- 

 tion of species, 4, 176; and 

 the disputed question of 

 "spontaneous" variations, 4, 

 178; his Principles of Psy- 

 chology, 4, 268. 



Spiller, invented a method of 

 keeping photographic plates 

 moist for several days, 8, 231. 



Spinning, primitive man's early 

 efforts at, 9, 5; the modern 

 methods of, epitomized, 9, 

 16; the preparation of wool 

 for, 9, 18; Hargreaves and 

 the spinning- jenny, 9, 21; 

 Arkwright invents the water- 

 frame, 9, 25; Crompton in- 

 vents the mule, 9, 32; the 

 self-acting mule, 9, 35. 



Spinning-frame. See Water 

 Frame. 



Spinning-Jenny, the invention 

 of, by James Hargreaves, 9, 

 22; defects of, 9, 25. 



Spinthariscope, invented by Dr. 

 Crookes, 6, 104. 



Sponge, investigations of, by 

 Ernst Haeckel, 6, 155. 



"Spontaneous generation" of 

 living protoplasm, 5, 223. 



"Spontaneous" variations, dis- 

 puted question of, 4, 178. 



Sprague, Frank J., his work in 

 developing electric railways, 

 7, 186. 



Sprott, detected the existence of 

 glands in the mucous mem- 

 brane, 4, 129. 



Spurzheim, Dr. Kaspar, propa- 

 gandist of phrenology, 4, 

 248. 



Stahl, George Ernst, experi- 

 ments with air, 4, 6; his 

 phlogiston theory, 4, 7, 10; 

 exponent of Animists' sys- 

 tem, 4, 185. 



Staircases, ancient, 9, 155. 



Staite, W. E., his experiments 

 with electric light, 6, 223. 



Stanhope, Earl of, produced a 

 printing-press having a frame 

 made of one piece of cast iron, 



8, 122. 



Starley, brought the bicycle to 

 the familiar form of the 

 "safety," 7, 155. 



Stars, the fixed, 3, 57; distance 

 of the, 3, 61; observation of 

 the, by the spectroscope, 4, 

 71 ; study of the, by Lockyer, 

 6, 73; discovery of new, 5, 

 79, 80. 



Stas, M. J. S., his scientific views 

 on photography, 8, 232. 



Static machine, principle of con- 

 struction of, 6, 161. 



Steam, the age of, 6, 15; super- 

 heated, essential features of, 

 6, 1 14-1 1 5 ; high-pressure, 

 Watt's antagonism to, 6, 112; 

 experiments by Trevithick 

 and Evans, 6, 113; much 

 earlier general use in America, 

 6, 114; pressure of in cyl- 

 inder in simple engine, 6, 

 118; in compound engine, 6, 

 118. 



Steamboat, early attempts to 

 invent a, 7, 63; Fulton's 

 final demonstration of its 

 possibilities, 7, 70; the Great 

 Eastern and her successors, 7, 

 77; the triumph of the tur- 

 bine, 7, 81. 



Steam-engine, principle of, 6, 

 79-81; marks turning-point 

 in history of civilization, 6, 

 8 1 ; development of, early 

 experimenters and inventors 

 (Hero, da Vinci, della Porta, 

 de Caus, Marquis of Worces- 

 ter, Savery, Branca, Papin, 

 Newcomen), until time of 

 Watt, 6, 82-92 ; limitations to 

 Newcomen engine, 6, 93-94; 

 Watt studies problem of con- 

 densation, 6, 95-97; his first 

 revolutionary experiment and 

 patent, 6, 97; description of 

 his improvements up to 1769, 

 6, 98-99; rotary motion, 



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