252 AMERICAN GRAPE CULTURE. 



requisites needed, are best furnished by glass 

 houses constructed for the purpose. In short, 

 better vines can be grown under glass in one year 

 than can be grown in the open air in the old way 

 in three years. Poor vines in abundance, how- 

 ever, are grown in both ways. We want chiefly 

 a porous, moist, warm soil, and a moderately cool 

 but uniform and moist atmosphere. These con- 

 ditions are needed with almost unvarying con- 

 stancy, and are admirably supplied by a glass 

 house ; but in the open air we have them Only 

 " by fits and turns." The infant plant must be 

 nursed into a vigorous childhood before it is 

 exposed to the rigors of a changing climate, and 

 not stunted and dwarfed by exposure before it 

 is scarcely born. In breeding, this principle is 

 now fully recognized. Exposure and hardiness 

 were so intimately associated at one time, that 

 it was thought necessary to rear young animals 

 exposed to all the inclemencies of the weather, 

 no shelter being afforded against even the rigors 

 of winter ; but it is now found that the shelter of 

 .a good barn gives a degree of vigor, health, and 

 general development, and consequent hardiness, 

 never attained in the old way. We must make 

 an animal healthy to make him hardy. 



Single eyes are prepared in several ways, but 



