KENEWING SPUES. 309 



the end of the cane exactly and evenly, as 

 shown in the engraving. It must then be 

 bound in its place firmly, and the cane also tied 

 to the arm in the middle, to prevent it from 

 springing. The buds e are to be rubbed off. 

 A cane must be grown from the bud b for 

 a spur, and another from a for the same pur- 

 pose. 



By one or other of these methods a spur 

 may be readily replaced at any time, and the 

 arm kept in full bearing. The union of arm 

 and spur is not essential ; the spur will do well 

 without it, as in the example first given. In 

 the examples above, the arms are young and 

 only Just ready to spur ; but the spurs may 

 be replaced on an old arm just as easily by 

 taking the lowest cane from an adjoining spur. 

 On an old arm, however, there is seldom a 

 necessity for replacing spurs in this way, if the 

 vine has been well used ; for dormant buds 

 seem to collect in proportion to the age of the 

 vine; they would seem, indeed, to be a "pro- 

 vision against old age." 



Renewing Spurs. It sometimes, however 

 becomes necessary or desirable to renew old 

 spurs. In time some of them may get to be 

 inconveniently long or ill-shaped ; and if for 



