CULTIVATION. 345 



follows : Early in November, the vines having 

 been first pruned, deplow, and harrow well with 

 a coulter harrow or a cultivator. In from one 

 to two weeks, applow and harrow. The vines 

 are now to be laid down, and covered by ap- 

 plowing, and the dead furrow, where necessary 

 to carry off water, cleaned out with a hoe, re- 

 moving the " balk" or little ridge left by the 

 plow. This may seem like a good deal of labor, 

 but for new or stiff soils the advantages are 

 sufficiently great to warrant the labor; -.r. 



For ordinary mellow soils, the following is 

 the proper course : The vines having been 

 pruned as soon as the leaves fall, are laid down, 

 covered by applowing, and the ground har- 

 rowed. The dead furrow through the middle 

 of the row is then put in condition for carrying 

 off water, and the vineyard is prepared for its 

 winter rest ; in some sense, it may be said to 

 have been put to bed and blanketed. In the 

 spring, deplowing will fill up the dead furrow 

 and uncover the vines, which should at once be 

 tied to the wires to prevent loss by accident. 

 The ground should then be thoroughly har- 

 rowed. If the common harrow is used, the 

 ground beneath the surface is packed ; but with 

 the coulter harrow or a cultivator it is not only 



