WINTER MANAGEMENT. 355 



down and covered with brush. It is better to 

 place the vines so as to be covered with snow 

 than not to cover them at all. 



In localities subject to late frosts, the vines 

 should be left covered as long as possible, which 

 generally has the effect of retarding the growth, 

 and thus secures a degree of immunity from in- 

 jury from this cause ; besides, if not started till 

 the weather becomes settled, an unchecked 

 growth is made, which is in all respects a great 

 benefit to the vine. Care must be taken, how- 

 ever, not to leave them down too long. When 

 taken up, they should at once be tied to the 

 stake or wire, as the case may be, taking every 

 precaution not to injure the buds. 



There is a prevalent cause of " winter kill- 

 ing," especially in young vines, which seems not 

 to be generally understood. We refer to stand- 

 ing water. This should not be allowed in the 

 vineyard at any time. The water thataccumu- 

 lates around the stock in little pools is a source 

 of much injury, both in summer and winter. 

 Where applowing is not done in the fall to 

 cover the vines, or where brush is used as a 

 covering, a man should go through the vine- 

 yard with a hoe before the ground freezes, and 

 round the earth up against the stock of every 



