400 AMERICAN GRAPE CULTURE. 



mind with unusual forms or references till lie 

 had fully mastered the principles of training, 

 and hence no reference is made to this part. 

 The examples now presented will further as- 

 sist the student in applying the principles of 

 training to a variety of cases that occur in the 

 surroundings of the home. He should study 

 the principle as well as the form. 



Plan of Quesnel. We have elsewhere al- 

 luded to the ingenuity of the French in work- 

 ing out forms to meet the wants of cases as they 

 arise, or rather to anticipate them. Fig. 160 is 

 an example. It is a literal copy from Du Breuil, 

 and shows, among other things, how the French 

 alternate the double and single spurs, a practice 

 quite common among them ^hen the necessity 

 of the case calls for it, either for renewal or to 

 favor the length of the arm. It affords facilities, 

 also, for replacing an arm in the manner else- 

 where described. It has been explained that 

 there is a difficulty in keeping arms in full bear- 

 ing when extended much beyond four feet in 

 length. Where there is a necessity for making 

 them longer, as in the example before us, the 

 introduction of the single spur will aid mate- 

 rially in keeping them in full bearing. They 

 should be started, as a rule, from base buds ; 



