TKAINING ON TKEES AND TKELLIS. 413 



ample of growing vines without stakes. It is 

 given for information, rather than as an ex- 

 ample to be followed here. It was first pro- 

 posed by M. Miramont. Its primary object 

 seems to have been to secure shade for the fruit 

 as much as any thing else. The vines, of 



Fig. 167. 



course, must be grown close together, and fur- 

 nished with two single spurs. 



Training on Trees and Trellis combined. 

 Fig. 167 presents another example of French 

 training, by which trees and a trellis are so 



