40 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



fauna. The man of this period was of a low order, and em- 

 ployed both as weapon and tool a thick, heavy, rough-hewn 

 flint like a cudgel (coup de poing], 



(2) The Monstier period (from Moustier in Dordogne). Re- 

 presentatives of this period are to be found also in those parts 

 of Italy, Germany, Austria and Poland, that escaped the influ- 

 ence of the Glacial Period. It was marked by a cold, damp 

 climate, and its fauna was suited to these conditions. Man had 

 progressed, and no longer used the heavy cudgel, but had 

 hand-picks, hewn only from one side, and racloirs. 



(3) The Solutre period (from the place of the same name in 

 the Saone et Loire Departement) with a dry, temperate climate. 

 Man shared this period with the reindeer, wild horse, and 

 mammoth ; he shaped his flint like a laurel leaf and sometimes 

 even furnished it with a handle. 



(4) The Madeleine period (from La Madeleine in Dordogne) 

 was again cold and dry, so that the mammoth died out, but 

 the reindeer was still to be found in abundance. The man of 

 this period preferred light, narrow stone-knives, made tools out 

 of bone and horn, and possessed marked ability for drawing 

 and carving on bone and horn. 



Homes x combines the Chelles with the Moustier period, thus 

 reducing the four to three. The earliest period he subdivides into 

 two stages, the first of which, following on a Pliocene Ice Age, 

 comprises the discoveries at Tilloux, Mosbach and Sudenborn 

 (near Weimar), the Elephas meridionalis, antiquus and/r/>;- 

 genius, and man ; the second contains the discoveries made 

 at Tanbach, Elephas antiquus, rJiinocerus megarhinus, Cennts 

 giganteus, the reindeer and man. 



The human remains from the Diluvial Period, when man 

 dwelt partly in caves, and partly in colonies in the open country, 

 may be arranged in three categories according to their antiquity. 



To the oldest and at the same time lowest race of man 

 (corresponding to the Chelles- Moustier period) belongs the 

 Homo antiquus. Remains of the same have been found in 

 France at Tilloux, Villefranche and Moustier; in Belgium in 

 Spy Grotto ; in Germany at Tanbach, in the Neanderthal caves 

 at Diisseldorf and in the Riibeland caves ; in Austria at Krapina 

 1 Homes, he. cit., p. 6. 



