QUATERNARY MAX 41 



(Croatia), and in the Stramberg cave ; in Russian Poland in 

 the lower cave of Wierschowic. The low stage reached by 

 Homo antiquus is most strikingly shown by Neanderthal man 

 with his massive skull, strongly projecting brows, retreating 

 forehead and chin, and the curved bones of his extremities. 

 Virchow, who was inclined to look at the pathological side of 

 everything, declared the remains to be those of an old man 

 whose bones had been rendered crooked in childhood by rickets, 

 and his joints attacked in old age by deformative rheumatism. 

 This then was the verdict for the Neanderthal race, and yet 

 Virchow asserts that among the Frisians, individuals with the 

 same dolichocephalous skulls, and the same projecting supercili- 

 ary ridge, are to be commonly found. Even in the fragments 

 of a lower jaw found in the Sipka cave Virchow endeavoured 

 to discover some pathological character ; the two teeth next to 

 the right eyetooth, viz., the two right pre-molars, are deeply 

 imbedded in the jaw, and Virchow, considering their great size, 

 thinks this to be an example of retention of temporary teeth in 

 an adult. Walkhoff, however, has pointed out that this is no 

 sign of retention, nor does it point to a race of giants, as 

 Wankel suggests ; it is the normal jaw of a prehistoric child of 

 about ten years of age with, it is true, somewhat extraordinarily 

 large teeth. Another striking peculiarity of this lower jaw is 

 the rudimentary state of the muscular attachment of the 

 digastricus and genioglossus, which in conjunction with the 

 absence of chin points to a very low stage of culture and 

 but rudimentary powers of speech. 



The fossil remains found at Krapina (Croatia) may be 

 referred to a similar period, and consist of teeth and fragments 

 of bone belonging to at least ten individuals of various ages. 

 The brows are still mere prominent than in the Spy and 

 Neanderthal skulls, the jaw being enormously developed, with 

 a still more retreating chin than that of the Sipka jaw, and 

 the remaining molar teeth are marked by corrugations of the 

 enamel of a pithecoid nature. Equally striking is the rudi- 

 mentary state of the muscular process for the genioglossus 

 muscle. 



Viewed in the light of Walkhoff s explanation of the Sipka 

 jaw, the discoveries at Krapina, together with all the above- 



