42 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



mentioned remains of bone and teeth, may be referred to an 

 early Palaeolithic race ; Schwalbe and Klaatsch in the meantime 

 had subjected the Neanderthal man to renewed investigation, 

 and indisputably established his low type of development. Ac- 

 cording to Klaatsch the Homo recens, the Neanderthal man, 

 and the Pithecanthropus erectus are descended from a common 

 parent belonging to an extremely remote period. Schwalbe 

 believes the Neanderthal type to be quite extinct, and maintains 

 that not a drop of its blood flows in the veins of the human 

 race of to-day. Walkhoff, on the other hand, regards the 

 Neanderthal man as the fundamental form of the Homo recens 

 and the isolated cases of resemblance to the Neanderthal type 

 found among the lower races of man as cases of reversion. 



The men of the earliest Diluvial Period may have been 

 physically of a very low type, and in mental respects may never 

 have advanced beyond the rudiments of speech, but they were 

 nevertheless men, essentially distinguished from the anthropoids 

 by their superior skull and brain capacity. 



Homes and Vernau agree that between the Homo antiquus 

 of the Neanderthal type and the Homo antiquus of the later 

 Diluvial Period a race of African origin should be inserted. 

 This race chiefly inhabited the West and South-west of Europe, 

 but was also to be found in the East, and dwelt in caves, or in 

 the open country, possibly protected by screens of brushwood 

 or skins. Remains of their dwellings have been found in France 

 in the caves of Brassempouy, Solutre and Laugerie Haute ; 

 in Belgium in the caves of Pont a Lesse ; in North Italy in the 

 caves of Mentone : in Moravia at Briinn and Predmost, and in 

 Ukraine in the caves in the neighbourhood of Kiev. That 

 men of an African type actually lived in Europe during the 

 Solutre* period is indirectly proved by the ivory figures of 

 steatopygous females such as could only have been made by an 

 African who had had opportunity of observing his fellow- 

 countrymen. 



In the so-called "Capuchin head " we find the African 

 platyrrhinism, prognathism and retreating chin reproduced with 

 unmistakable clearness. But there are also positive proofs. 

 Both the skeletons from the eighth igneous stratum found in 

 the Grotto of Mentone are almost of pigmy proportions with 



