QUATERNARY MAN 43 



elliptic skull, platyrrhine nose, pronounced prognathism and 

 retreating chin. Gaudry (Contribution a Fhistoire des homines 

 fossiles] considers that the Mentone skull resembles the 

 Australian type, especially in the formation of the lower half 

 of the face ; namely, the narrow, elliptical curve of the jaw, 

 the marked prognathism, the narrowness of the lower jaw, and 

 the size and corrugation of the teeth. These characters, 

 however, are also common to the lower African types of man. 



The human remains from the Austrian loess-deposit point 

 to a low type, though perhaps not quite so low as the Neander- 

 thal type. The femur from the Willendorf loess-deposit is 

 sharply curved and furnished with a very prominent crest, and 

 belonged to an adult of middle height and compact build. 

 The dolichocephalous skull found under the Franz-Joseph 

 Street in Briinn shows a low, coarse brow formation with 

 strongly projecting supra-orbital ridge and retreating fore- 

 head ; the parietal bones have a very slight curve and there 

 is a large gap at the lambdoidal suture. The upper and lower 

 jaw from Predmost have been examined by Walkhoff, who 

 considers that the chin is an improvement on those of the 

 Sipka and Krapina jaws but still in a very backward state of 

 development ; the most striking anthropoid character is the 

 increased tendency towards the formation of enamel on the 

 crowns of the molars. In any case these beings from the loess- 

 deposit, in spite of their low type, must be definitely regarded 

 as human. 



Vernau sees in the man of the second stage the parent form 

 of the third, and holds the opinion that improved conditions 

 of life led to the gradual change, but so long as proofs are not 

 forthcoming this opinion must remain a mere hypothesis. 



The third race, belonging to the Madeleine period, shows a 

 decided advance in physical structure, but since we are ignorant 

 as to whether the region was uninterruptedly inhabited, we 

 cannot state with certainty whether these men of improved 

 physical structure descended from those of the second period, 

 or whether they belonged to a distinct type originating else- 

 where. The Madeleine race (called the Cro-Magnon race, from 

 the place of their discovery) must have been superior to the 

 earlier inhabitants of Middle Europe, not only physically but 



